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教程
教程按步骤介绍了 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 针对各种应用的使用方法，并提供特定应用的设置、初始化和求解流程步骤。大部分案例都提供了可下载的宏和模拟文件。
热传递和辐射
本节教程介绍了适用于热传递、辐射和热舒适性的各种Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能。
Photon Monte Carlo Radiation: Headlamp
Thermal management simulations of headlamp applications allow you to identify temperature hotspots that can cause damage to the headlamp. Modifying the design—for example, including heat shields in the right places—leads to better and more durable designs.
创建物理连续体
本教程需要两个物理连续体：一个用于空气，一个用于固体组件。
Setting Up the Physics Continuum for Air
Here, you define the physics models for the air inside the headlamp.

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教程
教程按步骤介绍了 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 针对各种应用的使用方法，并提供特定应用的设置、初始化和求解流程步骤。大部分案例都提供了可下载的宏和模拟文件。
- 使用教程的宏和文件
  支持中心网站提供各种教程的宏、输入文件和最后模拟文件的可选下载包。这些宏和最终模拟文件是书面教程的辅助，因此您可以根据下载文件或使用宏构建并运行的模拟来检查最终结果。
- 简介
  欢迎使用 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 入门教程。在此教程中，您可以探究重要的概念和工作流程。在学习其他资料之前，应先完成此教程。
- 基础教程
  基础教程以一系列简短的教程，介绍了 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 的主要功能。
- 几何
  本节教程介绍了可创建和处理零部件与 3D-CAD 的多种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能。
- 网格
  本节教程介绍了用于构建 CFD 网格的各种 STAR-CCM+ 功能。
- 不可压缩流
  本节教程介绍了用于不可压缩流体流动以及孔隙率和求解录制的多种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能
- 可压缩流
  本节教程介绍了用于可压缩流体流以及谐波平衡的各种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能。
- 热传递和辐射
  本节教程介绍了适用于热传递、辐射和热舒适性的各种Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能。
  - 共轭热传递：加热翼片导入
    本教程在一个 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 模拟中同时融入了多区域共轭热传递和自然对流。
  - 模拟操作：多时间尺度共轭传热
    通过模拟操作，Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 提供了可在单个模拟中包含多时间尺度工作流程的自动化方法。
  - 模拟操作：瞬态-瞬态多时间尺度共轭传热
    汽车应用的一项重要分析是模拟冷起动条件下组分的热行为。因为波动流体行为涉及的时间尺度通常与固体热行为的时间尺度存在明显差异，所以运行隐式耦合共轭传热模拟的效率不高。Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 提供的耦合策略允许对固体和流体组分使用不同的瞬态时间尺度。
  - 多零部件固体：显卡冷却
    本教程演示如何使用多零部件物理模型，在单个连续体中建立多个固体零部件的模型。
  - 自然对流：同心圆柱体简介
    本教程演示如何在 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 中求解自然对流问题。
  - 电子元件冷却工具集：自然对流 JEDEC
    虽然许多电子设备得益于冷却风扇排除多余热量，但还有一些设备只依赖自然对流。Electronics Cooling Toolset包含评估自然对流冷却的方法。
  - 电子元件冷却工具集：显卡冷却
    放置冷却电子元件组件的风扇时，使用Electronics Cooling Toolset可以评估风扇排热的效果。通过在众多设计中比较，您可以决定提供最佳性能的配置。
  - 双流体热交换器：汽车散热器
    热交换器是将热从一个介质高效地传递到另一介质的设备。热交换器应用的一些突出示例包括汽车散热器（如本教程中使用的汽车散热器）、发电厂和空调。
  - 表面至表面辐射：热绝缘体
    本教程在 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 模拟中融入了灰体热辐射。
  - 多波段表面至表面辐射：太阳能集热器
    本教程使用为“表面至表面辐射：热绝缘体”创建的模拟。
  - Photon Monte Carlo Radiation: Headlamp
    Thermal management simulations of headlamp applications allow you to identify temperature hotspots that can cause damage to the headlamp. Modifying the design—for example, including heat shields in the right places—leads to better and more durable designs.
    - Prerequisites
      The instructions in the Photon Monte Carlo Radiation: Headlamp tutorial assume that you are already familiar with certain techniques in Simcenter STAR-CCM+.
    - Loading the Starting File and Generating the Mesh
      For this tutorial, you use a simulation file that contains pre-prepared mesh and regions.
    - 创建物理连续体
      本教程需要两个物理连续体：一个用于空气，一个用于固体组件。
      - Setting Up the Physics Continuum for Air
        Here, you define the physics models for the air inside the headlamp.
      - Setting Up the Physics Continuum for the Solid Components
        You set up the physics continuum and define the materials for all the solid components of the headlamp.
      - Setting Solar Loads Model Properties
        The Solar Loads model requires definition of the sun direction vector, the direct solar flux, and the diffuse solar flux.
      - Setting Surface Materials and Radiative Properties
        For the halogen bulb, the lens, and the reflector, you use pre-defined parameters to set the radiative properties.
      - Assigning the Continua to the Regions
        The simulation has three pre-defined regions—Air, Opaque Components, and Transparent Components. Here, you associate each region with the correct continuum.
    - 设置初始温度
      为提高收敛性，可以为灯丝和卤素灯泡设置初始温度值，表示对最终温度场的良好猜测。
    - 将材料分配给固体组件
      不透明组件和透明组件的区域包含多个与已定义材料匹配的固体零部件。
    - Specifying Thermal and Radiative Boundary Conditions
      You set thermal and radiative conditions for the regions' boundaries. You specify the radiative conditions by assigning surface materials to the boundaries. At the walls of the opaque and transparent components, you set a convective condition.
    - Setting Up Scenes and Plots
      The starting file for this tutorial provides several pre-defined scenes and plots.
    - Setting Photon Monte Carlo Solver Parameters
      The Surface Photon Monte Carlo (SPMC) model uses a statistical solver to model photon transport.
    - Running the SPMC Simulation
      By default, the simulation stops after 1000 iterations. To judge convergence, you create two additional monitor-based stopping criteria.
    - Analyzing the SPMC Results
      After the simulation is complete, you visualize the results.
    - Refining the Mesh of the Transparent Solids and Housing
      In this part of the tutorial, you extend the simulation to include participating media radiation. As a first step, you refine the mesh of the lens, halogen bulb, and rear housing.
    - Modifying the Physics Continua to Model Volumetric Radiation Exchange
      You modify the physics continua to model volumetric radiation exchange in the transparent solid components and surface radiation exchange in the opaque components.
    - Reassigning the Transparent Components Region
      You associate the physics continuum that you created to model volumetric radiation exchange using the VPMC model with the transparent components region. This association resets the radiative boundary conditions to defaults and clears the materials that are assigned to the transparent solid parts. Therefore, you reassign the radiative boundary conditions and reassociate these parts with their materials.
    - Running the Simulation with Combined SPMC/VPMC
      Adding VPMC modeling to the simulation is computationally more expensive than running the simulation with SPMC modeling alone.
    - Analyzing the Effects of Volumetric Heat Exchange
      After the simulation is complete, you visualize the results. You compare these with the results from the first part of the tutorial, where you exclusively used Surface Photon Monte Carlo to model radiative heat transfer, to assess the effects that absorption has on the solution.
    - 附录：参数
      表面 Photon Monte Carlo 辐射：前照灯教程使用多个预定义参数。
  - 热舒适性汽车座舱
    舒适性是消费者在决定出行方式时考虑的主要因素之一。因此，乘客舒适性是影响封闭空间（如汽车座舱或飞机机舱）设计过程的关键准则之一。
  - Parts-Based Shells: Exhaust Pipe
    Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides support for thin-walled structures that are best represented by a single-cell layer during simulation. These single-cell layers are known as shells. One of the main advantages of using shell elements is that it reduces the computational time and resources required for simulations.
- 多相流体
  本节教程介绍了用于模拟多相流体问题的多种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能
- 离散元方法
  本节教程介绍了用于模拟离散元方法问题的多种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能
- 运动
  本节教程介绍了在模拟涉及移动几何和网格、动态流体相互作用以及刚体运动的问题时可以使用的各种 STAR-CCM+ 功能：
- 反应流体
  本节教程介绍用于模拟反应流体（例如燃烧）的多种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能。
- 固体应力
  本节教程介绍了用于计算固体区域的变形、应变和应力的多种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能。同时显示此类计算如何与流体结构相互作用的分析内的流体行为耦合。
- 气动声学
  本节教程介绍了 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 中用于求解气动声学模拟的各种功能。
- 电磁
  以下教程介绍的功能用于求解涉及到电磁场的问题。
- 电化学
  以下教程演示了电流诱导的化学反应。
- 电池
  本节教程介绍用于设置电池模型的多种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能：
- 自动化
  本节教程介绍了多种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 自动化和宏功能。
- 设计探索
  本系列教程介绍了用于在Design Manager中运行设计探索研究的各种功能。
- 与 CAE 程序耦合
  本节教程介绍用于与 CAE 程序耦合的多种 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 功能：
- 分析方法
  本节教程介绍了 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 中用于分析和可视化模拟数据的各种功能。
- Simcenter STAR-CCM+ In-cylinder
  本套教程介绍了使用专用加载项 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ In-cylinder 在 Simcenter STAR-CCM+ 中模拟内燃机的功能。

Setting Up the Physics Continuum for Air

Here, you define the physics models for the air inside the headlamp.

The flow inside the headlamp is turbulent and incompressible. You set up a constant density gas continuum which uses the Boussinesq model to simulate natural convection. You use the Coupled Energy model together with the Surface Photon Monte Carlo radiation model and the Solar Loads model to determine the temperature field. The Surface Photon Monte Carlo model also handles refractive effects.

To set up the air continuum:

For the physics continuum Continua > Air, select the following models in order:


Group Box	Model
Space	Three Dimensional (already selected)
Time	Steady
Material	Gas
Flow	Coupled Flow
Flow	Gradients (selected automatically)
Equation of State	Constant Density
Viscous Regime	Turbulent
Viscous Regime	Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (selected automatically)
Reynolds-Averaged Turbulence	K-Epsilon Turbulence
	Realizable K-Epsilon Two-Layer (selected automatically)
	Wall Distance (selected automatically)
	Two-Layer All y+ Wall Treatment (selected automatically)
Optional Models	Coupled Energy
	Boussinesq Model
	Gravity (selected automatically)
	Radiation
	Surface Materials (selected automatically)
Radiation	Surface Photon Monte Carlo
Radiation Spectrum	Gray Thermal Radiation
Radiation Spectrum	Refraction (Gray) (selected automatically)
Solar Radiation	Solar Loads

Click Close.

Adjust the reference gravity vector to act in the correct direction:

Select the Continua > Air > Reference Values > Gravity node and set Value to [0.0, -9.81, 0.0] m/s^2.

Adjust the reference temperature to represent the correct operating temperature:

Select the Continua > Air > Reference Values > Reference Temperature node and set Value to 300.0 K.
Save the simulation .