Battery Modules Reference

The battery module is the core component in battery module simulations. It contains sets of battery cells, and is connected directly to the electrical load.

Battery Modules: Right-Click Actions

New > TBM Battery Module: Creates a battery module that uses 0D battery cells.
New > User-Defined Battery Module: Creates a battery module that uses 3D battery cells.
Paste: Allows you to paste copies of module nodes.

When the configuration of battery module cells is incomplete, a caution symbol appears on the battery module node () and relevant battery module cell nodes ().

Battery Modules That Use 0D Cells

[Battery Module] Right-Click Actions

Highlight

Highlights the selected battery cell in the scene.

This action works only if Highlight Parts in Scene is deactivated in the menu under Tools > Options > Visualization.

Create Circuit Element

Creates a circuit element from the battery module. A circuit element is required to add the battery module to a circuit.

创建串联电路元件

仅在选择多个电池模块节点时可用。

提供创建串联电路元件对话框，可在其中设置模块的顺序并指定串联电路是从第一个电池模块的正极还是负极端子开始。在对话框中单击确定时，将为每个选定电池模块创建电路元件，并串联这些模块。

创建并联电路元件

仅在选择多个电池模块节点时可用。

打开创建并联电路元件对话框，其中提供用于激活创建接头的选项。

如果激活创建接头，单击确定时，选定模块将并联，接头电路元件在电路末端开路 — 随时连接更多电路元件。
如果停用创建接头，单击确定时，选定模块将并联，电路末端无开路接头元件。

Create User-Defined Battery Pack

Only available when Circuit Model is selected.

Opens the Create User-Defined Battery Pack dialog which simplifies the process of creating a battery stack by combining the creation of battery modules, their circuit elements and connections, and the assignment of geometry parts to battery module cells.

The following elements are found within the Create User-Defined Battery Pack dialog:

Create Battery Modules

Creates the specified number of battery modules and defines how these modules are arranged in series and parallel in the battery pack.

Number of Battery Modules in Series: Sets the number of battery modules that are connected in series to form a string, or the number of units that are connected in series within the pack.
Number of Battery Modules in Parallel: Sets the number of battery modules that are connected in parallel to form a unit, or the number of strings that are connected in parallel within the pack.

Create Circuit Elements

Creates circuit elements for the battery modules and defines how the modules are connected in the pack.

Create Circuit Elements

When activated, creates circuit elements from the battery modules.

Module Topology

Appears when Create Circuit Elements is activated and Number of Battery Modules in Series and Number of Battery Modules in Parallel are set to values that are greater than 1.

Specifies the arrangement of the connections between modules. The options are:

Series-First—The strings of modules are connected in parallel. This is the default setting.
Parallel-First—The units of cells are connected in series.

Series Connections Start with

Appears when Number of Battery Modules in Series is greater than 1.

Selects whether the series connections start with the positive or negative terminal of the first battery module in the string.

Create Joints for Parallel Connections

Appears when Number of Battery Modules in Parallel is greater than 1.

When activated, upon clicking OK, the created modules are connected with joint circuit elements open at the ends of the circuit—ready to attach further circuit elements.
When deactivated, upon clicking OK, the selected modules are connected without joint elements open at the ends of the circuit.

Assign Parts

Provides the option to assign geometry parts to the battery module cells comprising each of the battery modules.

Assign Parts to Battery Module Cells Upon Creation: When activated, upon clicking OK, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ opens the Assign Parts to Battery Module Cells by Name dialog for the first of the created battery modules.; See Assign Parts to Battery Module Cells by Name which explains how to assign specific geometry parts to specific battery module cells within a single module.; Upon closing the Assign Parts to Battery Module Cells by Name dialog, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ automatically opens the dialog for the next battery module. Each time, you repeat the process to assign geometry parts to battery module cells.

Assign Parts to Battery Module Cells by Name

Opens the Assign Parts to Battery Module Cells by Name dialog in which you assign specific geometry parts to specific battery module cells within the module.

The following elements are found within the Assign Parts to Battery Module Cells by Name dialog:

Available Parts For Assignment

Parts listed here are available to assign to battery module cells. The radio buttons below the parts group box allow you to choose

Assign by Mapping: The Mapping Inputs group box is available—in which you specify the settings required. You select all of the required parts then click the right arrow. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ automatically assigns the parts to the appropriate battery module cells.
Assign Manually: The Mapping Inputs group box is not available. You select parts on the left and battery module cells on the right, then click the right arrow .
If a selected battery module cell already has a part assigned, the existing part assignment is removed and the new part is assigned.
You can select multiple parts and battery module cells—the assignment happens from the top to the bottom of both selections.

To de-select a part for a battery module cell, click the part that is assigned incorrectly to the battery module cell and then click the left arrow

. The part is then available to select for a different battery module cell.

Assigned Parts

Battery module cells are listed with their corresponding parts.

Mapping Inputs

Appears when Assign by Mapping is selected in the Assign Parts to Battery Module Cells by Name dialog.

When selected parts are mapped (based on mapping inputs) to battery module cells that are already assigned to parts, a warning appears and these selected parts are ignored.

You specify the guidelines which Simcenter STAR-CCM+ follows to assign parts to battery module cells.

Parallel Occurrence: This number is the sequential number that occurs within the part names in the Available Parts For Assignment group box which represents the parallel string number.; For example, if the third number within the part names relates to the parallel string number, you enter the Parallel Occurrence as 3.
Series Occurrence: This number is the sequential number that occurs within the part names in the Available Parts For Assignment group box which represents the series string number.; For example, if the fifth number within the part names relates to the series string number, you enter the Series Occurrence as 5.
Parallel Offset: When mapping parts to battery module cells, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ needs to know how to convert the parallel number from the part name to the parallel number in the corresponding battery module cell name. The number that you specify here is added to the parallel number given in the part name and the resulting number is matched to the battery module cell with the same parallel number in its name.
Series Offset: When mapping parts to battery module cells, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ needs to know how to convert the series number from the part name to the series number in the corresponding battery module cell name. The number that you specify here is added to the series number given in the part name and the resulting number is matched to the battery module cell with the same series number in its name.

For example:

Create Battery Module Reports...

Opens the Create Battery Module Reports dialog which allows you to create multiple monitors, reports, and plots for battery modules at the same time. The monitors, reports and plots are created when you click OK.

The following elements are found within the Create Battery Module Reports dialog:

Select Battery Module Cells

Selects battery modules to use to create the reports. Multiple battery modules can be selected.

Select Field Functions

Selects which field functions are to be used for the reports. Only field functions that are compatible with the selected battery cell models are listed. Multiple field functions can be used.

The following field functions are available:

Volume Integral of Battery Volumetric Heat—a volume-based sum of all the heat generated by the battery modules. (Available for RCR model and Thermal Runaway model.)
Volume Average/Max/Min of Temperature—the volume average, maximum, and minimum temperatures of the battery modules as calculated by the energy solver. (Available for RCR model and Thermal Runaway model.)
Volume Integral of Battery Heat Model Cumulative Energy Released—the volume integral of the cumulative energy released by the battery modules during thermal runaway. (Available only for the Thermal Runaway model.)
Max of Battery SOC—the maximum value of the state of charge of the battery—with fully discharged as 0.0 and fully charged as 1.0. (Available only for the RCR model.)
Volume Average of Battery Cell Voltage—the volume average of the voltage drop between the posts of the battery cell. (Available only for the RCR model.)

Create

Selects what to create using the selected battery modules and field functions. The following selections are available:

Report—creates a report for each field function with the selected battery modules as the parts.
Report & Monitor—creates a report and monitor for each field function with the selected battery modules as the parts.
Report Monitor & Plot—creates a report, monitor and plot for each field function with the selected battery modules as the parts.

比较

仅当同时选择两个电池模块时可用 — 这些电池模块可以使用 0D 或 3D 电池模块电芯，但不能同时使用。

打开比较窗口，其中具有差异的电池模块子节点/属性以粉红色高亮显示。全新节点/属性以绿色高亮显示。

复制

用于创建电池模块的副本。

[Battery Module] Properties

N Series

Sets the number of battery cells that are connected in series to form a string, or the number of units that are connected in series within the module.

N Parallel

Sets the number of battery cells that are connected in parallel to form a unit, or the number of strings that are connected in parallel within the module.

Module Cell Topology

Specifies the arrangement of the connections between cells. The options are:

Series-First

The N Series number of battery cells are connected in series in each string. The N Parallel number of strings are then connected in parallel. This is the default setting.
Parallel-First

The N Parallel number of battery cells are connected in parallel in each unit. The N Series number of units are then connected in series.

The following sub-nodes and properties only appear after a battery cell is selected:

[Battery Module] > Battery Module Cells > [battery module cell] Properties

Any settings that are specified under the Battery Module Cells node are superseded by those that are specified under the Module Configuration node.

[Battery Module] > Battery Module Cells > [battery module cell] Properties

I Series: Read-only. Indicates the i component for the cell index, in a module of size [i, j].
I Parallel: Read-only. Indicates the j component for the cell index, in a module of size [i, j].
Core Parts: The core parts that are associated with this battery module cell.
+ Tab Parts: The positive tab parts that are associated with this battery module cell.
- Tab Parts: The negative tab parts that are associated with this battery module cell.
Battery Cell: The battery cell that is used in this battery module cell.
Translation: Specifies a position vector for the cell.
Rotation: Specifies the rotated position of the cell.
Orientation: When activated, the cell is flipped (rotated through 180 degrees).
Coordinate System: The coordinate system that is associated with this battery module cell.

Battery Modules That Use 3D Cells

Battery Module Right-Click Actions

Highlight

Highlights the selected battery cell in the scene.

This only works if automatic highlighting upon selection is deactivated, thus allowing for manual selection of which parts are activated within the scene. Automatic highlighitng is toggled on and off within Tools > Options > Visualization > Highlight Parts in Scene.

Create Circuit Element

Creates a circuit element from the battery module. A circuit element is required to add the battery module to a circuit.

创建串联电路元件

仅在选择多个电池模块节点时可用。

创建并联电路元件

仅在选择多个电池模块节点时可用。

打开创建并联电路元件对话框，其中提供用于激活创建接头的选项。

如果激活创建接头，单击确定时，选定模块将并联，接头电路元件在电路末端开路 — 随时连接更多电路元件。
如果停用创建接头，单击确定时，选定模块将并联，电路末端无开路接头元件。

Generate Battery Parts

Generates the battery parts.

Generate Connector Parts

Generates the battery connector parts.

Create External Casing Part

Simcenter STAR-CCM+ creates a bounding box, or takes the selected casing part, and subtracts the battery module parts from it. The resulting external casing part appears under the Geometry > Parts node.

Assign Parts to Regions

See Assign Parts to Regions Reference.

Setup Connector Ohmic Heating

This option becomes available once a battery mesh has been generated.

Simcenter STAR-CCM+ creates a physics continuum that uses the Ohmic Heating model and assigns that physics continuum to the tab connector regions.
Within the battery mesh, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ creates a Volumetric Control for the tabs and connectors with a default value of 4% of the surface base size. The refinement of the mesh in the connectors helps with the convergence of the energy solver when the Ohmic Heating model is turned on.
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ creates two reports for the current and interface surface area: BatteryCellCurrent and TabStem_Post_Intersect_Area. The battery cell current report is a volume average report that collects the current going through the cell. The battery module stack or the jellyroll region is automatically assigned to it. The tab stem/post intersect area report returns the area of the intersection between the stem and the post for the stacked cell, and end plate and post for the cylindrical cell.
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ creates current density field functions from the reports: CurrentDensityToApplyToConnector_IN and CurrentDensityToApplyToConnector_OUT. The current flows into the post for the negative tab and flows out of the post for the positive tab. The field functions are automatically applied to the appropriate interfaces.

Setup Battery Parts Meshing

Creates a mesh operation for the battery cells.

比较

仅当同时选择两个电池模块时可用 — 这些电池模块可以使用 0D 或 3D 电池模块电芯，但不能同时使用。

打开比较窗口，其中具有差异的电池模块子节点/属性以粉红色高亮显示。全新节点/属性以绿色高亮显示。

复制

用于创建电池模块的副本。

Battery Module Properties

N Series

Sets the number of battery cells that are connected in series to form a string, or the number of units that are connected in series within the module.

N Parallel

Sets the number of battery cells that are connected in parallel to form a unit, or the number of strings that are connected in parallel within the module.

Module Cell Topology

Specifies the arrangement of the connections between cells. The options are:

Series-First

The N Series number of battery cells are connected in series in each string. The N Parallel number of strings are then connected in parallel. This is the default setting.
Parallel-First

The N Parallel number of battery cells are connected in parallel in each unit. The N Series number of units are then connected in series.

Module Local Coordinate System

Sets the local coordinate system that is associated with the battery module.

This coordinate system is used to specify the cell position and offsets. The tab connectors are also patterned in the local coordinate system.

You should not change the module local coordinate system part way through the module setup process, as this can cause incorrect positioning of the tab connectors.

You can change the module local coordinate system after the cells and connectors setup is complete. However, if you generate the cell and connector parts again, you will need to relocate the set of tab connectors that are used for patterning.

Configure Local Coordinate Systems

When activated, local coordinate system positions and orientations are computed.

Battery Module > Module Configuration Properties

If you configure your module using this Module Configuration node, these settings supersede those that are defined using the Battery Module Cells node.

The Battery Module Cells node lets you set non-uniform spacing in your cell formation, align the series cells along different axes, and define the rotation of cells that are flipped along any axis or angle. However, setting up cells using the Battery Module Cells node is slower than using the Module Configuration node as you set up each parallel string of cells manually.

Battery Cells: Allows you to select the previously-imported battery cell to use in this battery module. Once a battery cell is selected, further Module Configuration sub nodes appear.
Global Offset: Allows you to change the position of each individual battery module.

Module Configuration > Battery Module Configuration Properties

Option: Defines how the battery cells are configured in the module.; Grid: cells are placed on a regular grid that defines the number of cells in series (rows) and parallel (columns).; Staggered: Only available for spiral cells. Spiral cells are placed in staggered rows. The number of cells in each series string determines the number of cells. The number of parallel strings defines the number of staggered rows in the configuration.; End to End: Only available for spiral cells. Spiral cells are stacked end to end based on the number of cells in series. The number of parallel strings sets the number of stacks.; The following image from left to right, shows grid, staggered, and end to end configurations.

Module Configuration > Module Cell Orientation Conditions > Cell Orientation Setting Properties

In a battery module, the cells are connected in an N Series X N Parallel grid.

Option

Flip Every Other: Flips the cells within each string so that the negative tabs of each cell align with the positive tabs of the adjacent cells. Flipping the cells does not change the electrical connection: flipping the cells make tab connectors that follow the electrical circuit connections easier to model. To change which side of the displayed cell corresponds to the open positive tab, you can flip either the odd or the even cells. You set this property in the Module Connection Values > Series Connection Flip Option node.
Do Not Flip: No cells are flipped. Leaves the tabs unaligned (for example, in setting up a string of cylindrical cells that uses the staggered cell arrangement).

Module Configuration > Module Connection Values > Series Connection Flip Option Properties

Option

The first cell in a row of a module (for example, Cell 0,0) is an odd cell. The second cell in a row of a module (for example, Cell 0,1) is an even cell.

Flip Starting With First Cell: Flips the odd cells.
Flip Starting With Second Cell: Flips the even cells.

Module Configuration > Module Layout > Module Grid Positioning Properties

Available when the Module Configuration > Battery Module Configuration Option is set to Grid.

The default offset and spacing between cells is set to 0, which produces a valid configuration of cells in contact with each other. For a staggered configuration, if you use the default positioning, the cells are offset based on the exterior diameter of the can.

Local Coordinate System: Sets the local coordinate system that is associated with the battery module.; If you want to perform a global rotation on the battery module, create a coordinate system in the appropriate orientation and then apply it to the battery module. The coordinate system handles the rotation and the global offset.; This coordinate system is used to specify the cell position and offsets. The tab connectors are also patterned in the local coordinate system. You should not change the module local coordinate system part way through the module setup process, as this can cause incorrect positioning of the tab connectors
Offset Type: Specifies if the parallel and series offsets are absolute values or are based on the size of the battery cell.
Parallel Offset: Specifies the parallel offset in the units that are appropriate to the specified Offset Type.
Parallel Direction: Specifies the vector direction that is applied to the parallel offset.
Series Offset: Specifies the series offset in the units that are appropriate to the specified Offset Type.
Series Direction: Specifies the vector direction that is applied to the series offset.

Module Configuration > Module Layout > Module Staggered Positioning Properties

Available when the Module Configuration > Battery Module Configuration Option is set to Staggered.

Staggered Row Offset: Specifies the geometric offset between staggered rows.
Staggered Row Direction: Specifies the vector direction that is applied to each row of staggered cells. The default is [1.0, 0.0, 0.0].
Gap Between Cells: Specifies the distance between each cell in a staggered row.
Local Coordinate System: Sets the local coordinate system that is associated with the battery module.

Module Configuration > Module Layout > Module End to End Positioning Properties

Available when the Module Configuration > Battery Module Configuration Option is set to End to End.

Stack Offset: Specifies the geometric offset between stacks.
Local Coordinate System: Sets the local coordinate system that is associated with the battery module.

Module Configuration > Module Layout > Module Grid Size/ Module Staggered Size/ Module End to End Size Properties

The Module Size node lets you specify the module size parameters. The default size of the battery module is the same as the number of cells in series and parallel that you set (the N Series and N Parallel properties) using the Battery Module node.

N series: Number of cells in series / number of cells in a staggered row / number of cells in stack.
N parallel: Number of cells in parallel / number of staggered rows / number of cell stacks.

Battery Module > External Casing Geometry > External Casing Specification Properties

The External Casing Geometry node appears after battery parts are created.

Battery External Casing Specification

No External Casing Specification: No casing is specified.
Specify External Bounding Box: The Battery Module > Casing Values > External Casing Bounding Box node appears.
Specify External Casing Using Part: The Battery Module > Casing Values > External Casing Part node appears.

Include Internal Voids

When activated, voids within the internal cell volume are included in the external casing part.

Battery Module > Casing Values > External Casing Bounding Box Properties: You specify coordinates for Corner 1 and the opposite Corner 2 of the block that represents the casing.

Battery Module > Casing Values > External Casing Part Properties: You set the External Casing Part to the geometry part that represents the casing.

Battery Module > Battery Module Cells > [battery module cell] Properties

Most of these properties are read-only.

I Series: Read-only. Indicates the i component for the cell index, in a module of size [i, j].
I Parallel: Read-only. Indicates the j component for the cell index, in a module of size [i, j].
Core Parts: The core parts that are associated with this battery module cell.
+ Tab Parts: The positive tab parts that are associated with this battery module cell.
- Tab Parts: The negative tab parts that are associated with this battery module cell.
Battery Cell: The battery cell that is imported from Simcenter Battery Design Studio.
Translation: Specifies a position vector for the cell.
Rotation: Specifies the rotated position of the cell.
Orientation: When activated, the cell is flipped (rotated through 180 degrees).
Coordinate System: The coordinate system that is associated with this battery module cell.

Battery Module > Circuit Model Properties

Straps Resistance: The electrical resistance of the straps.
Ties Resistance: The electrical resistance of the ties.
Positive Terminal Resistance: The electrical resistance of the positive terminal.
Negative Terminal Resistance: The electrical resistance of the negative terminal.
Positive Posts Resistance: The electrical resistance of the positive posts.
Negative Posts Resistance: The electrical resistance of the negative posts.

Battery Module > Terminal Connections > Terminal Connection [n],-/Terminal Connection [n],+ Properties

Copy Connection Parts
Post Parts: The geometry parts that represent the terminal connection post parts.
Strap Parts: The geometry parts that represent the terminal connection strap parts.

Battery Module > Tab Connections

Battery Module > Electrochemistry Export

Appears once the battery module is generated and the battery parts are assigned to regions.

Available for battery modules containing battery cells that use a distributed battery model (selected in Simcenter Battery Design Studio when you set up the .tbm file). You can check which battery model a battery cell uses by checking the Unit Cell Model property of the Battery Cell node.

You can export detailed electrochemistry data for a battery module at each specified time-step. Electrochemistry data is exported to profiles (.pr2 files), which are text files that can be read into the Simcenter Battery Design Studio Profile Viewer. One .pr2 file is generated for each ecell in each battery cell. For example, for a single cell battery module where the battery cell contains 3x3x1 ecells, 9 .pr2 files are generated.

Export Directory: Sets the directory for the exported data files.
Export Frequency: Sets the time interval at which to export data. The default value of 1 results in data being exported at each time-step. Setting the frequency to 4, for example, would export data at every fourth time-step.
Export Start Time: Sets a specific time at which data export begins (s).
Exported Battery Module Cells: Selects cells in the battery module for which to export data.